What is a fact?

What is a fact? How can we tell if something is a fact? What about something being factual? Is there a difference? What is the opposite of a fact? Sometimes considering the opposite can help us define the thing of interest. One opposite of a fact is an opinion.

For example, a circle is round. But a cylinder is also round, and so is a sphere. From certain viewpoints, a cylinder could look like a rectangle, a trapezoid, or some other type of polygon. From certain viewpoints, a circle could look like an ellipse, or even a line. If the cylinder looks like a rectangle or a circle looks like a line, are we still seeing a round object? How would we know? If we are able to acquire different viewing angles, maybe we could figure it out, but if not, we’re stuck in our ignorance.

If we are looking directly at an object, we have one type of data. If we are looking at a picture of an object, we have a different type of data. Looking at the single picture, we might not know if something is circular, elliptical, cylindrical, or spherical. If we are looking directly at the object, if we can handle it, we can figure out quickly if it is two or three dimensions. We can look from different angles, and readily determine if it is a cylinder or a cube.

If we think we are seeing a cylinder, but it’s a picture, and we can’t be sure, then we would be demonstrating intelligence to admit uncertainty. We would say that it’s our opinion. We could say we believe it is a picture of a cylinder. In the best cases, belief is founded on data. But sometimes, belief is totally founded on faith because an authority told us. That is different from faith based on our own personal experience, even if our experience is supplemented by teachings from an authoritative source.

Sorting out facts and opinions is a difficult task. In order to learn to distinguish facts from opinions, it’s wise to start with simple facts. Like describing simple physical objects. The pen I used to write two checks a few minutes ago is mostly purple, and it has silver colored accents. The pen is a cylindrical shape, with one pointed (tapered) end, from which protrudes the rolling ball that transfers the ink to the paper. The other end is a slightly smaller diameter cylinder, with a hemi-spherical flexible tip. That reminds me that most of the rest of the pen is rigid. There is an arm that protrudes slightly from the untapered end, which is folded to be more or less parallel to the length of the main cylinder itself. It is silver colored, and shiny like the other silver accents. Everything I have said up to now is a fact. If anyone else looked at this pen, unless they wanted to pick an argument, or were unfamiliar with my language, or did not know what a pen is (or is for) they would agree. But in some sense, unless I have used it to write with, which I have, I can’t be sure it’s really a pen. It could be a prop for some demonstration. And that small flexible tip makes this object into a stylus for use on a phone screen, in addition to being a pen. So my calling it a pen in a way may be considered to be an opinion. In any case calling it a pen is not the same type of fact that calling it purple or cylindrical is. And truthfully calling it purple is dependent not only on the cylindrical object itself, but on the light in which it is viewed. Knowing that it is purple is a conclusion that a human with unimpaired color vision could determine, in the right light. But other organisms might see a different color, because different animals see colors differently. Finally, even men and women humans see colors differently. Many men, even those who are not colorblind at all, see fewer colors than women.

I have run into people encouraging us to reach out and speak to people who have different beliefs from those we hold. I have spent a lot of time doing so. I was involved in interfaith dialogue for many years. But with a breakdown in agreement about which facts are true, I don’t think we have much hope until we re-establish some sort of agreement on basic facts. The sentences in this post are made up of words. The post has layers of sentences and then paragraphs. The sentences convey meaning, for anyone who speaks English and wants to try to understand them. The individual meanings conveyed in the sentences and paragraphs are trying to encourage each reader to do a thought experiment, by describing a familiar object.

Appearance, heft, size, etc. are facts that most can agree to. Whether it’s a good pen, a nice pen, a useful pen, a stupid stylus, an ugly weapon, or mightier than a sword? Those are all definitely opinions.